GROSS MOTOR SKILL LEVELS IN PRESCHOOLERS
GROSS MOTOR SKILL LEVELS IN PRESCHOOLERS
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of gross motor skills in preschool children. The participants in this study were preschool children, with a total of 30 children aged 5-6 years, who were selected by convenience sampling technique. The instrument of this study was the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). This study is a descriptive analysis. The results of gross motor skills showed that 5 children were in the below average assessment category (17%), 7 children were in the very poor assessment category (23%), and 18 children were in the poor assessment category (60%). Therefore, the majority of the total children's gross motor data is in the poor category. In conclusion, the competence of preschool children's gross motor skills needs to be improved by optimizing the teaching-learning process. This study contributes to the implementation of further research, namely the need for treatment to optimize Gross Motor skills in preschool children. The urgency to conduct appropriate and measurable treatments to improve preschool children's gross motor skills is important to be considered in the learning and teaching process.
Keywords:
Gross motor skills, preschool
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References
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Cohen, K. E., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Callister, R., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity among children living in low-income communities: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-49
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Doggui, R., Gallant, F., & Bélanger, M. (2021). Parental control and support for physical activity predict adolescents’ moderate to vigorous physical activity over five years. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01107-w
Duncan, M. J., Hall, C., Eyre, E., Barnett, L. M., & James, R. S. (2021). Pre-schoolers fundamental movement skills predict BMI, physical activity, and sedentary behavior: A longitudinal study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31(S1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13746
El Ansari, W., & Stock, C. (2014). Relationship between attainment of recommended physical activity guidelines and academic achievement: undergraduate students in Egypt. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p274
Engel, A., Broderick, C., Ward, R., & Parmenter, B. (2018). Study Protocol: The Effect of a Fundamental Motor Skills Intervention in a Preschool Setting on Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Activity: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Clinical Pediatrics: Open Access, 03(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2572-0775.1000129
Escolano-Pérez, E., Sánchez-López, C. R., & Herrero-Nivela, M. L. (2021). Early Environmental and Biological Influences on Preschool Motor Skills: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(August), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725832
Fallah, E., Nourbakhsh, P., & Bagherly, J. (2015). The Effect of Eight Weeks of Gymnastics Exercises on the Development of Gross Motor Skills of Five to Six Years Old Girls. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences Special Issue on New Dimensions in Economics, 4(1), 845–852.
Friskawati, G. F., & Dwijantie, J. S. (2022). Differences of physical literacy perception of kindergarten teachers: Seen from demographic information. Journal Sport Area, 7(3), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(3).10019
Iivonen, K. S., Sääkslahti, A. K., Mehtälä, A., Villberg, J. J., Tammelin, T. H., Kulmala, J. S., & Poskiparta, M. (2013). Relationship between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in 4-year-old preschool children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(2), 627–646. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.06.PMS.117x22z7
Kozina, Z. (2017). Motor skills formation technique in 6 to 7-year-old children based on their psychological and physical features ( Rock climbing as an example ) Motor skills formation technique in 6 to 7-year-old children based on their psychological and physical features. January. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2016.03137
Maïano, C., Morin, A. J. S., April, J., Webster, E. K., Hue, O., Dugas, C., & Ulrich, D. (2022). Psychometric Properties of a French-Canadian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3): A Bifactor Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2021.1946541
Migueles, J. H., Rowlands, A. V., Huber, F., Sabia, S., & Van Hees, V. T. (2019). GGIR: A Research Community–Driven Open Source R Package for Generating Physical Activity and Sleep Outcomes From Multi-Day Raw Accelerometer Data. Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour, 2(3), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2018-0063
Moser, T., & Reikerås, E. (2016). Motor-life-skills of toddlers – a comparative study of Norwegian and British boys and girls applying the Early Years Movement Skills Checklist. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.895560
Pahlevanian, A. A., & Ahmadizadeh, Z. (2014). Relationship Between Gender and Motor Skills in Preschoolers. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.17795/mejrh-20843
Piggin, J. (2020). What Is Physical Activity? A Holistic Definition for Teachers, Researchers and Policy Makers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(June), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00072
Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Janssen, X., Aubert, S., Carson, V., Faulkner, G., Goldfield, G. S., Reilly, J. J., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2017). Systematic review of the relationships between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health, 17(Suppl 5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8
Prat, Q., Camerino, O., Castañer, M., Andueza, J., & Puigarnau, S. (2019). The personal and social responsibility model to enhance innovation in physical education. Apunts. Educacion Fisica y Deportes, 136, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.5672/APUNTS.2014-0983.ES.(2019/2).136.06
Robinson, L. E., Palmer, K. K., & Bub, K. L. (2016). Effect of the children’s health activity motor program on motor skills and self-regulation in head start preschoolers: An efficacy trial. Frontiers in Public Health, 4(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00173
Saint-Maurice, P. F., Coughlan, D., Kelly, S. P., Keadle, S. K., Cook, M. B., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., & Matthews, C. E. (2019). Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity across the Adult Life Course with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Network Open, 2(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0355
Supriady, A. (2022). Preschool Physical Activity and Outdoor Play. 49–57.
Xu, Z., Shen, S. J., & Wen, Y. H. (2024). The relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical activity in preschoolers: a systematic review. Early Child Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2024.2309478
Zhang, Z., Kuzik, N., Adamo, K. B., Ogden, N., Goldfield, G. S., Okely, A. D., Crozier, M., Hunter, S., Predy, M., & Carson, V. (2021). Associations Between the Child Care Environment and Children’s In-Care Physical Activity and Sedentary Time. Health Education and Behavior, 48(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120972689
Araçilgar, E., & Cihan, B. B. (2018). Metaphoric perceptions of school principals towards physical education term. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(5), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n5p194
Bardid, F., Huyben, F., Lenoir, M., Seghers, J., De Martelaer, K., Goodway, J. D., & Deconinck, F. J. A. (2016). Assessing fundamental motor skills in Belgian children aged 3-8 years highlights differences to US reference sample. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 105(6), e281–e290. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13380
Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D., Miller, A. D., Cohen, K. E., Smith, J. J., Dudley, D., Lander, N. J., Lenoir, M., Brown, H., Iivonen, S., & Morgan, P. J. (2016). Fundamental Movement Skills : An Important Focus Only Leads to a Limited Number. 219–225.
Brian, A., Goodway, J. D., Logan, J. A., & Sutherland, S. (2017). SKIPing with teachers: an early years motor skill intervention. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(3), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1176133
Cohen, K. E., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Callister, R., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity among children living in low-income communities: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-49
Denysschen, M., Coetzee, D., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. (2021). Children with poor motor skills have lower health-related fitness compared to typically developing children. Children, 8(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100867
Doggui, R., Gallant, F., & Bélanger, M. (2021). Parental control and support for physical activity predict adolescents’ moderate to vigorous physical activity over five years. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01107-w
Duncan, M. J., Hall, C., Eyre, E., Barnett, L. M., & James, R. S. (2021). Pre-schoolers fundamental movement skills predict BMI, physical activity, and sedentary behavior: A longitudinal study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31(S1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13746
El Ansari, W., & Stock, C. (2014). Relationship between attainment of recommended physical activity guidelines and academic achievement: undergraduate students in Egypt. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(5), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p274
Engel, A., Broderick, C., Ward, R., & Parmenter, B. (2018). Study Protocol: The Effect of a Fundamental Motor Skills Intervention in a Preschool Setting on Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Activity: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Clinical Pediatrics: Open Access, 03(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2572-0775.1000129
Escolano-Pérez, E., Sánchez-López, C. R., & Herrero-Nivela, M. L. (2021). Early Environmental and Biological Influences on Preschool Motor Skills: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(August), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725832
Fallah, E., Nourbakhsh, P., & Bagherly, J. (2015). The Effect of Eight Weeks of Gymnastics Exercises on the Development of Gross Motor Skills of Five to Six Years Old Girls. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences Special Issue on New Dimensions in Economics, 4(1), 845–852.
Friskawati, G. F., & Dwijantie, J. S. (2022). Differences of physical literacy perception of kindergarten teachers: Seen from demographic information. Journal Sport Area, 7(3), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(3).10019
Iivonen, K. S., Sääkslahti, A. K., Mehtälä, A., Villberg, J. J., Tammelin, T. H., Kulmala, J. S., & Poskiparta, M. (2013). Relationship between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in 4-year-old preschool children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(2), 627–646. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.06.PMS.117x22z7
Kozina, Z. (2017). Motor skills formation technique in 6 to 7-year-old children based on their psychological and physical features ( Rock climbing as an example ) Motor skills formation technique in 6 to 7-year-old children based on their psychological and physical features. January. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2016.03137
Maïano, C., Morin, A. J. S., April, J., Webster, E. K., Hue, O., Dugas, C., & Ulrich, D. (2022). Psychometric Properties of a French-Canadian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3): A Bifactor Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2021.1946541
Migueles, J. H., Rowlands, A. V., Huber, F., Sabia, S., & Van Hees, V. T. (2019). GGIR: A Research Community–Driven Open Source R Package for Generating Physical Activity and Sleep Outcomes From Multi-Day Raw Accelerometer Data. Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour, 2(3), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2018-0063
Moser, T., & Reikerås, E. (2016). Motor-life-skills of toddlers – a comparative study of Norwegian and British boys and girls applying the Early Years Movement Skills Checklist. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.895560
Pahlevanian, A. A., & Ahmadizadeh, Z. (2014). Relationship Between Gender and Motor Skills in Preschoolers. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 1(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.17795/mejrh-20843
Piggin, J. (2020). What Is Physical Activity? A Holistic Definition for Teachers, Researchers and Policy Makers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(June), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00072
Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Janssen, X., Aubert, S., Carson, V., Faulkner, G., Goldfield, G. S., Reilly, J. J., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2017). Systematic review of the relationships between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health, 17(Suppl 5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8
Prat, Q., Camerino, O., Castañer, M., Andueza, J., & Puigarnau, S. (2019). The personal and social responsibility model to enhance innovation in physical education. Apunts. Educacion Fisica y Deportes, 136, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.5672/APUNTS.2014-0983.ES.(2019/2).136.06
Robinson, L. E., Palmer, K. K., & Bub, K. L. (2016). Effect of the children’s health activity motor program on motor skills and self-regulation in head start preschoolers: An efficacy trial. Frontiers in Public Health, 4(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00173
Saint-Maurice, P. F., Coughlan, D., Kelly, S. P., Keadle, S. K., Cook, M. B., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., & Matthews, C. E. (2019). Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity across the Adult Life Course with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Network Open, 2(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0355
Supriady, A. (2022). Preschool Physical Activity and Outdoor Play. 49–57.
Xu, Z., Shen, S. J., & Wen, Y. H. (2024). The relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical activity in preschoolers: a systematic review. Early Child Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2024.2309478
Zhang, Z., Kuzik, N., Adamo, K. B., Ogden, N., Goldfield, G. S., Okely, A. D., Crozier, M., Hunter, S., Predy, M., & Carson, V. (2021). Associations Between the Child Care Environment and Children’s In-Care Physical Activity and Sedentary Time. Health Education and Behavior, 48(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120972689
Published
2024-07-31
How to Cite
Supriady, A. (2024). GROSS MOTOR SKILL LEVELS IN PRESCHOOLERS. JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga, 9(2), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v9i2.3756
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