PHYSICAL LITERACY LEVEL IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: USING THE PL-C QUEST INSTRUMENT
Abstract
The physical literacy level of early childhood must be known to determine appropriate intervention in the future. This research will reveal the level of physical literacy of young children using a survey method. A total of 105 children were involved in this research from various types of formal and non-formal early childhood education services. Sampling used convenience sampling to maintain the code of ethics for research in early childhood. The PL-C Quest instrument is used to measure the physical literacy level of early childhood. The data is processed descriptively, then categorization is made for the measurement results. The results reveal that the physical literacy level of boys is the highest compared to girls. The level of physical literacy in all domains for boys is in the medium category, while in the physical and psychological domains for girls is in the low category and the social and cognitive domains are in the medium category. These results can be used as a basis for creating intervention programs to increase physical literacy in early childhood education.
Keywords:
physical literacy, early childhood, PL-C Quest, Early Childhood Education
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References
Barnett, L.M., Mazzoli, E., Hawkins, M., & ... (2022). Development of a self-report scale to assess children's perceived physical literacy. Physical Education…. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1849596
Barnett, Lisa M., Mazzoli, E., Bowe, S. J., Lander, N., & Salmon, J. (2022). Reliability and validity of the PL-C Quest, a scale designed to assess children's self-reported physical literacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 60(August 2021), 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102164
Barnett, Lisa M., Mazzoli, E., Hawkins, M., Lander, N., Lubans, D.R., Caldwell, S., Comis, P., Keegan, R.J., Cairney, J., Dudley, D., Stewart , R.L., Long, G., Schranz, N., Brown, T.D., & Salmon, J. (2020). Development of a self-report scale to assess children's perceived physical literacy. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 0(0), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1849596
Bartolom, R., & Rodr, B. (2020). Barriers and Facilitators to Leisure Physical Activity in Children: A Qualitative Approach Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Public Health, 4(1), 1–12.
Berman, G., Hart, J., Mathúna, D.O., Mattellone, E., Potts, A., Kane, C.O., Shusterman, J., & Tanner, T. (2016). What We Know about Ethical Research Involving Children in Humanitarian Settings An overview of principles, the literature and case studies (Issue June, pp. 1–65).
Børve, H.E., & Børve, E. (2017). Rooms with gender : physical environment and play culture in kindergarten. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CARE, 4430(11), 1070–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1223072
Dudley, D.A., Cotton, W.G., Peralta, L.R., & Winslade, M. (2018). Playground activities and gender variation in objectively measured physical activity intensity in Australian primary school children : a repeated measures study. 1–9.
Edwards, L.C., Bryant, A.S., Keegan, R.J., Morgan, K., & Jones, A.M. (2017). Definitions, Foundations and Associations of Physical Literacy: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0560-7
Essiet, I.A., Lander, N.J., Salmon, J., Duncan, M.J., Eyre, E.L.J., Ma, J., & Barnett, L.M. (2021). A systematic review of tools designed for teacher proxy-report of children's physical literacy or constituting elements. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01162-3
Evans, KE, Schmalz, D.L., Anderson, D.M., & Agate, S.T. (2023). “Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences, 45(6), 542–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1842824
Goodway, J.D., Famelia, R., & Brian, A. (2019). Promoting Motor Development and Early Years Physical Literacy in Young Children. Journal of Young Children, 11(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429442827-5
Green, N.R., Roberts, W.M., Sheehan, D., & Keegan, R.J. (2018). Charting physical literacy journeys within physical education settings. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0129
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Hyndman, B., & Pill, S. (2018). What's in a concept? A Leximancer text mining analysis of physical literacy across the international literature. European Physical Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17690312
Kretschmer, L., Salali, G.D., Andersen, L.B., Hallal, P.C., Northstone, K., Sardinha, L.B., Dyble, M., Bann, D., Children, I., & Icad, D. (2023). Gender differences in the distribution of children's physical activity: evidence from nine countries. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01496-0
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Martínez-andrés, M., Bartolomé-gutiérrez, R., Rodríguez-, B., Pardo-guijarro, M.J., & Martínez-vizcaíno, V. (2017). International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health "Football is a boys' game": children's perceptions about barriers for physical activity during recess time. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12(00). https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1379338
Mayeza, E. (2016). ' Girls don't play soccer ': children policing gender on the playground in a township primary school in South Africa playground in a township primary school in South Africa. Gender and Education ISSN:, 0253(June), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1187262
Meland, A.T., Kaltvedt, E.H., & Reikerås, E. (2015). Toddlers Master Everyday Activities in Kindergarten : A Gender Perspective Toddlers Master Everyday Activities in Kindergarten : A Gender Perspective. Early Childhood Education Journal, August. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0718-1
Metcalfe, S. N. (2019). Gendered trends in young people's participation in active lifestyles: The need for a gender-neutral narrative. European Physical Education Review, 20(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19874095
Olofsson, E. (2003). The discursive construction of gender in physical education in Sweden, 1945 – 2003 : is meeting the learner's needs tantamount to meeting the market's needs? 11(3), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X05056648
Parri, M., Ceciliani, A., Parri, M., & Ceciliani, A. (2020). Original Article Best Practice in P . E. for gender equity-A review. 19(5), 1943–1952. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s5289
Porter, J.E., Dabkowski, E., Prokopiv, V., & ... (2022). An exploration into early childhood physical literacy programs: A systematic literature review. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/18369391221118698
Potato. (2023). Levels of measurement and their importance. In The basic Sage Publication.
Rotz, H.L., Alpous, A., Boyer, C., & Longmuir, P.E. (2020). Identifying Criteria for a Physical Literacy Screening Task: An Expert Delphi Process. Exercise Medicine. https://www.exercmed.org/journal/view.php?number=34
Shearer, C., Goss, H.R., Edwards, L.C., Keegan, R.J., Knowles, Z.R., Boddy, L.M., Durden-Myers, E.J., & Foweather, L. (2018). How is physical literacy defined? A contemporary update. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0136
Spengler, J. O. (2015). Physical Literacy: A Global Environmental Scan. July.
Telford, R.M., Olive, L.S., Keegan, R.J., Keegan, S., Barnett, L.M., & Telford, R.D. (2021). Student outcomes of the physical education and physical literacy (PEPL) approach: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to improve physical literacy in primary schools. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 26(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1799967
Tremblay, M. S., & Longmuir, P. E. (2018). Physical literacy levels of Canadian children aged 8–12 years: Descriptive and normative results from the RBC Learn to Play–CAPL project. BMC Public, 18(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5891-x
Wainwright, N., Goodway, J., John, A., Thomas, K., Piper, K., Williams, K., & Gardener, D. (2020). Developing children's motor skills in the Foundation Phase in Wales to support physical literacy. Education 3-13, 48(5), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1633374
Whitehead, M. (2019). The significance of physical literacy in human life, conclusions and the way ahead. Physical Literacy across the World. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702697-20
Whitehead, Margaret. (2010). Physical literacy: Throughout the life course. In Physical Literacy: Throughout the Lifecourse. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203881903
Barnett, Lisa M., Mazzoli, E., Bowe, S. J., Lander, N., & Salmon, J. (2022). Reliability and validity of the PL-C Quest, a scale designed to assess children's self-reported physical literacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 60(August 2021), 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102164
Barnett, Lisa M., Mazzoli, E., Hawkins, M., Lander, N., Lubans, D.R., Caldwell, S., Comis, P., Keegan, R.J., Cairney, J., Dudley, D., Stewart , R.L., Long, G., Schranz, N., Brown, T.D., & Salmon, J. (2020). Development of a self-report scale to assess children's perceived physical literacy. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 0(0), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1849596
Bartolom, R., & Rodr, B. (2020). Barriers and Facilitators to Leisure Physical Activity in Children: A Qualitative Approach Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Public Health, 4(1), 1–12.
Berman, G., Hart, J., Mathúna, D.O., Mattellone, E., Potts, A., Kane, C.O., Shusterman, J., & Tanner, T. (2016). What We Know about Ethical Research Involving Children in Humanitarian Settings An overview of principles, the literature and case studies (Issue June, pp. 1–65).
Børve, H.E., & Børve, E. (2017). Rooms with gender : physical environment and play culture in kindergarten. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CARE, 4430(11), 1070–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1223072
Dudley, D.A., Cotton, W.G., Peralta, L.R., & Winslade, M. (2018). Playground activities and gender variation in objectively measured physical activity intensity in Australian primary school children : a repeated measures study. 1–9.
Edwards, L.C., Bryant, A.S., Keegan, R.J., Morgan, K., & Jones, A.M. (2017). Definitions, Foundations and Associations of Physical Literacy: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0560-7
Essiet, I.A., Lander, N.J., Salmon, J., Duncan, M.J., Eyre, E.L.J., Ma, J., & Barnett, L.M. (2021). A systematic review of tools designed for teacher proxy-report of children's physical literacy or constituting elements. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01162-3
Evans, KE, Schmalz, D.L., Anderson, D.M., & Agate, S.T. (2023). “Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences, 45(6), 542–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1842824
Goodway, J.D., Famelia, R., & Brian, A. (2019). Promoting Motor Development and Early Years Physical Literacy in Young Children. Journal of Young Children, 11(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429442827-5
Green, N.R., Roberts, W.M., Sheehan, D., & Keegan, R.J. (2018). Charting physical literacy journeys within physical education settings. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0129
Houser, N.E., Stone, M., Kolen, A.M., & ... (2018). Physical Literacy in the Early Years: A Loose Parts Intervention. …Living, Healthy Life…. https://ojs.library.dal.ca/HLHL/article/view/7929
Hyndman, B., & Pill, S. (2018). What's in a concept? A Leximancer text mining analysis of physical literacy across the international literature. European Physical Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17690312
Kretschmer, L., Salali, G.D., Andersen, L.B., Hallal, P.C., Northstone, K., Sardinha, L.B., Dyble, M., Bann, D., Children, I., & Icad, D. (2023). Gender differences in the distribution of children's physical activity: evidence from nine countries. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01496-0
Marios, K. (2021). 'Real' boys, sissies and tomboys : exploring the material-discursive intra-actions of football,. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 0(0), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1999790
Martínez-andrés, M., Bartolomé-gutiérrez, R., Rodríguez-, B., Pardo-guijarro, M.J., & Martínez-vizcaíno, V. (2017). International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health "Football is a boys' game": children's perceptions about barriers for physical activity during recess time. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12(00). https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1379338
Mayeza, E. (2016). ' Girls don't play soccer ': children policing gender on the playground in a township primary school in South Africa playground in a township primary school in South Africa. Gender and Education ISSN:, 0253(June), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1187262
Meland, A.T., Kaltvedt, E.H., & Reikerås, E. (2015). Toddlers Master Everyday Activities in Kindergarten : A Gender Perspective Toddlers Master Everyday Activities in Kindergarten : A Gender Perspective. Early Childhood Education Journal, August. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0718-1
Metcalfe, S. N. (2019). Gendered trends in young people's participation in active lifestyles: The need for a gender-neutral narrative. European Physical Education Review, 20(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19874095
Olofsson, E. (2003). The discursive construction of gender in physical education in Sweden, 1945 – 2003 : is meeting the learner's needs tantamount to meeting the market's needs? 11(3), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X05056648
Parri, M., Ceciliani, A., Parri, M., & Ceciliani, A. (2020). Original Article Best Practice in P . E. for gender equity-A review. 19(5), 1943–1952. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s5289
Porter, J.E., Dabkowski, E., Prokopiv, V., & ... (2022). An exploration into early childhood physical literacy programs: A systematic literature review. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/18369391221118698
Potato. (2023). Levels of measurement and their importance. In The basic Sage Publication.
Rotz, H.L., Alpous, A., Boyer, C., & Longmuir, P.E. (2020). Identifying Criteria for a Physical Literacy Screening Task: An Expert Delphi Process. Exercise Medicine. https://www.exercmed.org/journal/view.php?number=34
Shearer, C., Goss, H.R., Edwards, L.C., Keegan, R.J., Knowles, Z.R., Boddy, L.M., Durden-Myers, E.J., & Foweather, L. (2018). How is physical literacy defined? A contemporary update. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0136
Spengler, J. O. (2015). Physical Literacy: A Global Environmental Scan. July.
Telford, R.M., Olive, L.S., Keegan, R.J., Keegan, S., Barnett, L.M., & Telford, R.D. (2021). Student outcomes of the physical education and physical literacy (PEPL) approach: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to improve physical literacy in primary schools. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 26(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1799967
Tremblay, M. S., & Longmuir, P. E. (2018). Physical literacy levels of Canadian children aged 8–12 years: Descriptive and normative results from the RBC Learn to Play–CAPL project. BMC Public, 18(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5891-x
Wainwright, N., Goodway, J., John, A., Thomas, K., Piper, K., Williams, K., & Gardener, D. (2020). Developing children's motor skills in the Foundation Phase in Wales to support physical literacy. Education 3-13, 48(5), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1633374
Whitehead, M. (2019). The significance of physical literacy in human life, conclusions and the way ahead. Physical Literacy across the World. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702697-20
Whitehead, Margaret. (2010). Physical literacy: Throughout the life course. In Physical Literacy: Throughout the Lifecourse. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203881903
Published
2024-04-02
How to Cite
Friskawati, G. F. (2024). PHYSICAL LITERACY LEVEL IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: USING THE PL-C QUEST INSTRUMENT. JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga, 9(1), 628-634. https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v9i1.3755
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Gita Febria Friskawati
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